doi: Costanza, R., R. de Groot, P. Sutton, S. van der Ploeg, S. J. Anderson, I. Kubiszewski, S. Farber, and R. K. Turner, 2014: Changes in the global value of ecosystem services. When this happens, corals lose their color and die in a process known as coral bleaching (Ch. Coastal communities in the Southeast are already experiencing impacts from higher temperatures, sea level rise, increased flooding, and extreme weather events.69,70,71,72 Several communities in the United States are already discussing the complexities of relocation; most are tribal and Indigenous communities.73 Some have chosen to stay in their homelands, while others have few options but to relocate (Ch. USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS), . Capalonga History, Tourist Spots, Festival, Officials Cooling degree days (a measure of the need for air conditioning [cooling] based on daily average temperatures rising above a standard temperatureoften 65F) nearly double, while heating degree days (a measure of the need for heating) decrease by over a third (Figure 19.22). Resources and Industries - The Coastal Plains For example, since the end of the last glacial maximum (about 19,000 years agothe most recent period of maximum ice extent),121 forests in the region have been transformed by warming temperatures, sea level rise, and glacial retreat.122,123 Spruce species that were once present in the regions forests have moved northward and have been replaced by oaks and other less cold-tolerant tree species that have expanded from the south.124 And along the coast, freeze-sensitive mangrove forests and other tropical coastal species have been expanding northward and upslope since the last glacial maximum.125,126,127,128,129, In the coming decades and centuries, climate change will continue to transform many ecosystems throughout the Southeast,6,130,131,132,133,134,135 which would affect many of the societal benefits these ecosystems provide. The fast growth rate of urban areas in the Southeast contributes to aeroallergens, which are known to cause and exacerbate respiratory diseases such as asthma. Jackson, S. T., and J. T. Overpeck, 2000: Responses of plant populations and communities to environmental changes of the late Quaternary. 6: Forests, KM 1 and KM 3).274, Wildfire is a well-known risk in the Southeast region, where it occurs with greater frequency than any other U.S. region.275 However, mitigation strategies, particularly the use of prescribed fire, can significantly reduce wildfire risk and have been widely adopted across rural communities in the Southeast.190 A doubling of prescribed fire at the landscape scale has been found to reduce wildfire ignitions by a factor of four,4 while it is well documented that prescribed fire reduces the potential for crown fire in treated forest stands.276With greater projected fire risks,191,277 more attention on how to foster fire-adapted communities offers opportunities for risk reduction (see Case Study Prescribed Fire and Key Message 3).278,279, Heat-related health threats are already a risk in outdoor jobs and activities. On the coastal plains of North Carolina, the main industries are Agriculture and defense. ), high consensus, Moderate evidence (several sources, some consistency, methods vary and/or documentation limited, etc. FTA Report No. Demuzere, M., K. Orru, O. Heidrich, E. Olazabal, D. Geneletti, H. Orru, A. G. Bhave, N. Mittal, E. Feliu, and M. Faehnle, 2014: Mitigating and adapting to climate change: Multi-functional and multi-scale assessment of green urban infrastructure. Couvillion, B. R., H. Beck, D. Schoolmaster, and M. Fischer, 2017: Land area change in coastal Louisiana (1932 to 2016). They are found in the different sub-regions called: Post Oak-Belt, Piney Woods, and the Blackland Prairies. In fact, the majority of the non-metropolitan counties in the coastal region have lost residents since 2010. Between 2010 and 2016, more rural hospitals closed in the Southeast than any other region, with Alabama, Georgia, Mississippi, and Tennessee being among the top five states for hospital closures.289 This strain, when combined with negative health impacts from climate change stressors (such as additional patient demand due to extreme heat and vector-borne diseases and greater flood risk from extreme precipitation events), increases the potential for disruptions of health services in the future. Deal, N., 2017: Deal declares state of emergency ahead of Hurricane Irma. Zervas, C., 2009: Sea level variations of the United States 1854-2006. Ross Strategic, 2016: International Water and Climate Forum, 2015. Meehl, G. A., J. M. Arblaster, and G. Branstator, 2012: Mechanisms contributing to the warming hole and the consequent US east-west differential of heat extremes. The highest tides of the year are generally the perigean, or spring, tides, which occur when the moon is full or new and is closest to the Earth. More What are the major industries in the coastal plains region of Texas? Supplement to State of the Climate: National Overview for June 2017. 15: Tribes, KM 3). The Upper Coastal Plain of Georgia is bounded on the north by the fall line and extends south to Florida and east to the upper terraces of the Lower Coastal Plain. Clark, P. U., A. S. Dyke, J. D. Shakun, A. E. Carlson, J. Clark, B. Wohlfarth, J. X. Mitrovica, S. W. Hostetler, and A. M. McCabe, 2009: The last glacial maximum. Grace, 2016: Beyond just sea-level rise: Considering macroclimatic drivers within coastal wetland vulnerability assessments to climate change. Woodroffe, C. D., and J. Grindrod, 1991: Mangrove biogeography: The role of quaternary environmental and sea-level change. (See the dark brown counties in Figure 1.). The precise impacts on cities are difficult to project. Since then, annual average temperatures have warmed to levels above the 1930s; the decade of the 2010s through 2017 has been warmer than any previous decade (App. Coalition of Prescribed Fire Councils, 17 pp. Coastal Plain's industry is mainly agriculture. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Centers for Environmental Information, 8 pp. North Carolinas Blue Economy information series provides updates related to the states ocean economy and underlying natural resources. Woodroffe, C. D., K. Rogers, K. L. McKee, C. E. Lovelock, I. Justice, and J. R. G. Townshend, 2013: High-resolution global maps of 21st-century forest cover change. B. Hollowed, N. Knowlton, J. Polovina, N. N. Rabalais, W. J. Sydeman, and L. D. Talley, 2012: Climate change impacts on marine ecosystems. Wiki User. Diop, E. S., A. Soumare, N. Diallo, and A. Guisse, 1997: Recent changes of the mangroves of the Saloum River Estuary, Senegal. Learn term:fishing = industry in the coastal plain region with free interactive flashcards. Net Accessories (4) USDA-NASS, 2017: Statistics by State [web site]. Copy. B. WebThe Coastal Plain province comprises the southern and eastern thirds of the state, and its elevation varies from sea level to about 300 feet (90 metres). City of Charleston, 2015: Sea level rise strategy. Intra-annual droughts, like the one in 2016, are expected to become more frequent in the future.6 Thus, drought and greater fire activity134 are expected to continue to transform forest ecosystems in the region (see Ch. The growing number of extreme rainfall events is stressing the deteriorating infrastructure in the Southeast. In response to past climatic changes, many ecosystems in the Southeast were much different than those present today. assessments of likelihood and confidence. Climatic conditions are currently suitable for adult mosquitoes of the species Aedes aegypti, which can spread dengue, chikungunya, and Zika viruses, across most of the Southeast from July through September (Figure 19.6), and cities in South Florida already have suitable conditions for year-round mosquito activity. Allan, R. P., and B. J. Soden, 2008: Atmospheric warming and the amplification of precipitation extremes. The Northeast Coastal non-metropolitan area includes Bertie, Camden, Chowan, Dare, Halifax, Hertford, Hyde, Martin, Northampton, Pasquotank, Perquimans, Tyrrell, Warren, and Washington counties. WebCoastal Plain (Tidewater) Region - Products: Tobacco products, informational technology - Industries: Federal and state government, farming, horse industry Piedmont Region - Products: Apples - Industries: Recreation, farming Blue Ridge Mountains - Products: Poultry, apples, dairy, beef - Industries: Farming Valley and Ridge Region Bianchi, T. S., M. A. Allison, J. Zhao, X. Li, R. S. Comeaux, R. A. Feagin, and R. W. Kulawardhana, 2013: Historical reconstruction of mangrove expansion in the Gulf of Mexico: Linking climate change with carbon sequestration in coastal wetlands. USGS Professional Paper 1828. Vector-borne diseases pose a greater risk in cities than in rural areas because of higher population densities and other human factors, and the major urban centers in the Southeast are already impacted by poor air quality during warmer months. As a result, the ecological resources that people depend on for livelihood, protection, and well-being are increasingly at risk, and future generations can expect to experience and interact with natural systems that are much different than those that we see today. In the Southeast region, changing fire regimes (defined by factors including frequency, intensity, size, pattern, season, and severity) are expected to have a large impact on natural systems. As a result, future generations can expect to experience, interact with, and potentially benefit from natural systems that are much different than those that we see today (Ch. Score, and L. Hilberg, 2017: State of climate adaptation in water resources management: Southeastern United States and U.S. Caribbean. Mitsch, W. J., and J. G. Gosselink, 2007: Wetlands. If he adds one additional crew member, he wont increase his landings. Standard Contractual Clauses, Sustainable Packaging with Collapsible Totes, Learn about these efficient, safe and sustainability-enabling containers. Southeastern cities including Memphis and Raleigh have a particularly high future heat risk.25, The number of days with high minimum temperatures (nighttime temperatures that stay above 75F) has been increasing across the Southeast (Figure 19.1), and this trend is projected to intensify, with some areas experiencing more than 100 additional warm nights per year by the end of the century (Figures 19.4 and 19.5). WebIndustries found in the Coastal Plains include processing, manufacturing and marketing products, mainly seafood and wood. B. Saha, A. K., S. Saha, J. Sadle, J. Jiang, M. S. Ross, R. M. Price, L. S. L. O. Sternberg, and K. S. Wendelberger, 2011: Sea level rise and South Florida coastal forests. Liu, Y., J. Stanturf, and S. Goodrick, 2010: Trends in global wildfire potential in a changing climate. B. Meylan, P. A. Meylan, J. The ecological resources that people depend on for livelihoods, protection, and well-being are increasingly at risk from the impacts of climate change. (See the counties in orange in Figure 2). Business and Industries. before making use of copyrighted material. Maldonado, J. K., and K. Peterson, 2018: A community-based model for resettlement: Lessons from coastal Louisiana . This assessment builds on the above concerns described in the Third National Climate Assessment (NCA3) and includes impacts to urban and rural landscapes as well as natural systems. By the end of the century, over one-half billion labor hours could be lost from extreme heat-related impacts. Reef, R., and C. E. Lovelock, 2015: Regulation of water balance in mangroves. Kozlowski, T. T., and S. G. Pallardy, 1997: Growth Control in Woody Plants. Coral reefs are biologically diverse ecosystems that provide many societal benefits, including coastal protection from waves, habitat for fish, and recreational and tourism opportunities.238,239 However, coral reef mortality in the Florida Keys and across the globe has been very high in recent decades, due in part to warming ocean temperatures, nutrient enrichment, overfishing, and coastal development.240,241,242,243,244 Small increases in ocean temperature can cause corals to expel the symbiotic algae upon which they depend for nourishment. A. Sorrie, A. S. Weakley, D. B. The Northern Atlantic Coastal Plain (NACP) aquifer system occupies a land area of more than 30,000 square miles and a total area of 50,000 square miles along the eastern seaboard of the United States from Long Island, New York, southward to the northeastern part of North Carolina. Sea level rise is contributing to increased coastal flooding in the Southeast, and high tide flooding already poses daily risks to businesses, neighborhoods, infrastructure, transportation, and ecosystems in the region.1,2 There have been numerous instances of intense rainfall events that have had devastating impacts on inland communities in recent years. A Special NOAA 20th Anniversary Report. Email Fraud Information He needs a bigger boat to productively use that additional labor. Wdowinski, S., R. Bray, B. P. Kirtman, and Z. Wu, 2016: Increasing flooding hazard in coastal communities due to rising sea level: Case study of Miami Beach, Florida. Osland, M. J., R. H. Day, C. T. Hall, M. D. Brumfield, J. L. Dugas, and W. R. Jones, 2017: Mangrove expansion and contraction at a poleward range limit: Climate extremes and land-ocean temperature gradients. Over the past 50 years, the resultant gross damage and lost wages have totaled more than $1.53 billion (dollar year not specified). Lovett, H. B., S. B. Snider, K. K. Gore, and R. C. Muoz, Eds., 2016: Luce, C. H., J. M. Vose, N. Pederson, J. Campbell, C. Millar, P. Kormos, and R. Woods, 2016: Contributing factors for drought in United States forest ecosystems under projected future climates and their uncertainty. Boucek, R. E., and J. S. Rehage, 2014: Climate extremes drive changes in functional community structure. Labor-saving technologies in both industries have reduced the need for workers. The Northern Atlantic Coastal Plain (NACP) aquifer system occupies a land area of more than 30,000 square miles and a total area of 50,000 square miles along the eastern seaboard of the United States from Long Island, New York, southward to the northeastern part of North Carolina. For example, the distribution of tropical herbivorous fish has been expanding in response to warmer waters, which has resulted in the tropicalization of some temperate marine ecosystems and decreases in the cover of valuable macroalgal plant communities.179 A decrease in the growth of sea turtles in the West Atlantic has been linked to higher ocean temperatures.237 Due to climate change, warming ocean temperatures in the coming decades are expected to transform many marine and coastal ecosystems across the Southeast. However, these models do not account for adaptations that may reduce estimated losses.35,64 By the end of the century, mean annual electricity costs are estimated at $3.3 billion each year under RCP8.5 (model range: $2.4 to $4.2 billion; in 2015 dollars, undiscounted) and mean $1.2 billion each year under RCP4.5 (model range $0.9 to $1.9 billion; in 2015 dollars, undiscounted).35, Rural communities tend to be vulnerable due to factors such as demography, occupations, earnings, literacy, and poverty incidence.8,9,10,250,283,284,305 Reducing the stress created by such factors can improve resilience.9,284 The availability and accessibility of planning and health services to support coping with climate-related stresses are limited in the rural Southeast.288,289. US Geological Survey, Reston, VA, 278 pp. WebAs a low-lying coastal plain, major crops include rice, sugar, coffee, cocoa, coconuts, edible oils, fruit, vegetables, and tobacco. Tallahassee, FL, 113 pp. Today, even rural residents who engage in farming earn most of their incomes from off-farm employment. Geographic Regions of Georgia The assets in a community affect its development path. The differing trends in hot days and warm nights reflect the seasonal differences in average daily maximum and average daily minimum temperature trends. USDA Agricultural Research Service, Washington, DC, 61 pp. There is high confidence that climate change (e.g., rising temperatures, changing fire regimes, rising sea levels, and more extreme rainfall and drought) will very likely affect agricultural and forest products industries, potentially resulting in economic impacts. 12: Transportation, KM 1).41 By 2050, the Southeast is the region expected to have the most vulnerable bridges.35 An extreme weather vulnerability assessment conducted by the Tennessee Department of Transportation found that the urban areas of Memphis and Nashville had the most at-risk transportation infrastructure in the state.42 Increasing precipitation and extreme weather events will likely impact roads, freight rail, and passenger rail, especially in Memphis, which will likely have cascading effects across the region.43 Transit infrastructure, such as the rail lines of the Metropolitan Atlanta Rapid Transit Authority (MARTA), are also at risk. Ungerer, M. J., M. P. Ayres, and M. J. Lombardero, 1999: Climate and the northern distribution limits of Dendroctonus frontalis Zimmermann (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). High tide coastal flooding has started to inundate these low-lying roads, restricting access during certain times of the day and causing public safety concerns. A high tide of 2.38 feet above Mean Higher High Water (MHHW) occurred in the afternoon of October 3. Scott, R., 2017: Gov. Jones, W. D., 1979: Effects of the 1978 freeze on native plants of Sonora, Mexico. The annual mean projected losses are roughly halved (0.28 billion labor hours) and with a model range from 0.19 to 0.43 billion labor hours lost under RCP4.5 by 2090.35. The regions more temperate ecosystems include hardwood forests, spruce-fir forests, pine-dominated forests, and salt marshes. NWS, 2016: The Historic South Carolina Floods of October 15, 2015. Eight of those counties lost more than 5% of their population during this time: Northampton (-10.1%), Washington (-9.1%), Bertie (-9.7%), Tyrrell (-8.1%), Hyde (-7.8%), Martin (-7.0%), Halifax (-6.1%) and Warren (-5.4%).1. The family-bound harvesting techniques are equally as important and make up part of the deeply held tribal lifeways >(Ch. Streamline your color process with standard or custom colors delivered with quick turnaround. EcoAdapt, Bainbridge Island, WA, 214 pp. Stein, B. Mount Pleasant, located on South Carolinas coast, received 26.88 inches of rain, which is an extremely rare event. Annual occurrences of high tide coastal flooding have increased 5- to 10-fold since the 1960s in several low-lying coastal cities in the Southeast (Figure 19.7).51,60 In 2015, several Southeast coastal cities experienced all-time records of coastal flooding occurrences, including Wilmington, NC (90 days), Charleston, SC (38 days), Mayport, FL (19 days), Miami, FL (18 days), Key West, FL (14 days), and Fernandina Beach, FL (7 days). Littell, J. S., D. L. Peterson, K. L. Riley, Y. Liu, and C. H. Luce, 2016: A review of the relationships between drought and forest fire in the United States. Amekudzi, A., M. Crane, D. Springstead, D. Rose, and T. Batac, 2013: Transit climate change adaptation assessment for the Metropolitan Atlanta Rapid Transit Authority. Recent analyses of historical water levels at many NOAA tide gauges has shown an increase in the number of times that these warning thresholds were exceeded compared to the past. Sweet, W. V., and J. J. Marra, 2016: 2015 State of U.S. Nuisance Tidal Flooding. 12: Transportation, KM 1 and Figure 12.2). Office of Community Development, 2018: Isle de Jean Charles Resettlement Project. Download this free study to determine if PK can address POMs toxicity and sustainability issues without sacrificing performance. EPA 430-R-15-001. Grace, and K. Rogers, 2017: Climatic controls on the global distribution, abundance, and species richness of mangrove forests. This is a large industry because the trees tend to grow faster in the Coastal Plains, and the wood is more textured. Scientific Investigations Map 3381. Le Bras, A. Lemonsu, N. Long, M. P. Moine, T. Morel, L. Nolorgues, G. Pigeon, J. L. Salagnac, V. Vigui, and K. Zibouche, 2014: Adapting cities to climate change: A systemic modelling approach. Office of Sustainability, Louisville, KY, 24 pp. Davis, M. B., and R. G. Shaw, 2001: Range shifts and adaptive responses to quaternary climate change. In. Most of the rural population does not depend on natural resources for their livelihoods. California Privacy Rights IPCC, 2013: Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. The core of the states peanut, cotton, and vegetable industry is here. 10: Ag & Rural, KM 3). 9: Oceans, KM 1). These floods can cause problems ranging from inconvenient to life changing. In metropolitan counties like Wake, Durham, and Mecklenburg, 80% or more rely on broadband.4. From October 15, 2015, deep tropical moisture combined with a slow-moving (stalled) upper-level low pressure system to pump moisture into South Carolinas coastal and interior regions. Aquifer Characteristics The interactions of altered precipitation and natural disturbances will be important in understanding impacts to the forests not dominated by industrial forestry (Ch. Done, 2017: Economic effectiveness of implementing a statewide building code: The case of Florida. While urban areas such as Baton Rouge and Lafayette were hit the hardest, receiving upwards of 30 inches in a few days, coastal locations were also inundated with up to 20 inches of rain. As a result, MARTA has begun to identify vulnerable assets and prioritize improvements to develop a more resilient system.44. 5: FAQs, Figure A5.14), both for average daily maximum and average daily minimum temperature. doi: Fei, S., J. M. Desprez, K. M. Potter, I. Jo, J. While the Southeast is historically known for having a rural nature, a drastic shift toward a more urbanized region is underway. Christensen, N. L., 1981: Fire regimes in southeastern ecosystems. Urban and rural areas exist along a continuum from major metro areas to suburbs, small towns, and lightly populated places. 6: Forests, KM 1).217,218,219,220,221,222,223 Drought can also affect aquatic and wetland ecosystems,224 for example by contributing to mortality and ecological transformations in salt marshes,225,226 mangrove forests,227,228,229,230,231 and tidal freshwater forests.232 In addition to drought, extreme rainfall events are also expected to become more frequent and severe in the future. Drought and extreme heat can result in tree mortality and transform the regions forested ecosystems (Ch. Horney, J., M. Nguyen, D. Salvesen, C. Dwyer, J. Cooper, and P. Berke, 2017: Assessing the quality of rural hazard mitigation plans in the southeastern United States. Other examples include Miami Beach, Florida, which has a multiyear, $500-million program to raise public roads and seawalls and improve storm water drainage.92 Norfolk, Virginia, has begun comprehensive planning to fix its high tide flooding issues.93 Biloxi, Mississippi, has put in place several adaptation strategies to lessen the future impacts, including enacting a new building code that requires elevating structures an additional one foot above the base flood elevation.94 Tybee Island, Georgia, has developed a sea level rise adaptation plan with recommendations to flood-proof a 5.5-mile stretch of their sole access causeway, replace two vulnerable bridges, and retrofit their existing storm water infrastructure to improve drainage.95 In response to the 2016 flooding, eight parishes in the Acadiana region of Louisiana came together to collaborate at a watershed level, pooling their federal hazard mitigation grant funding to support projects across the Teche-Vermilion watershed. Typically, a rural community is part of a non-metropolitan statistical area that contains cities with populations under 50,000 and that have a high degree of economic and social integration. Global Change Research Program, . Stocks, and B. M. Wotton, 2001: Climate change and forest disturbances: Climate change can affect forests by altering the frequency, intensity, duration, and timing of fire, drought, introduced species, insect and pathogen outbreaks, hurricanes, windstorms, ice storms, or landslides. https://factfinder.census.gov. Peaches also require warm temperatures at specific times during their development.259 If the warm temperatures come too early, the chill periods could be too short or the peach blossoms can flower too soon and be in danger of late freeze impacts. Noss, R. F., W. J. Platt, B. As sea levels have risen locally in the last one hundred years, the storm water systems in these areas are no longer able to perform as designed. Kunkel, K., R. Frankson, J. Runkle, S. Champion, L. Stevens, D. Easterling, and Brooke Stewart, 2017: State Climate Summaries for the United States. Tampa Bay Water, 2014: Tampa Bay Water Hosts Florida Water and Climate Alliance Workshop. These thresholds correspond to discrete water levels relative to NOAA tide gauges. Lewis, T.K. Hsiang, S., R. Kopp, A. Jina, J. Moftakhari, H. R., A. AghaKouchak, B. F. Sanders, D. L. Feldman, W. Sweet, R. A. Matthew, and A. Luke, 2015: Increased nuisance flooding along the coasts of the United States due to sea level rise: Past and future. While recent regional temperature trends have not shown the same consistent rate of daytime maximum temperature increase as observed in other parts of the United States, climate model simulations strongly suggest that daytime maximum temperatures are likely to increase as humans continue to emit greenhouse gases into the atmosphere.13 The resulting temperature increases are expected to add to the heat health burden in rural, as well as urban, areas.35 Projected temperature increases also pose challenges for crop production dependent on periods of lower temperatures to reach full productivity. Figure 1. Many southeastern cities are particularly vulnerable to climate change compared to cities in other regions, with expected impacts to infrastructure and human health. B. Climate model simulations of future conditions project increases in both temperature and extreme precipitation. Limited studies indicate concerns over the planning and preparedness of capacity at local levels; however, information is limited. WebThe North Carolina Coastal Federation is working with federal, state and local leaders, economic developers, private businesses and coastal residents to create and implement
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